做好六項舉措 預防工程機械故障

一、盡力減少有害因素的影響

1、減少繼續雜質的影響

機械雜質一般指的是灰塵、土壤等非金屬物質和工程機械在使用過程中自升產生的一些金屬屑、磨損產物等。這些雜質一旦進入機械內部，達到機械的配合表麵之間，其危害是很大的，不但使相對運動出來阻滯
，加速零件的磨損，而且會擦傷配合表麵，破壞潤滑油膜，使零件溫度升高、潤滑油變質。據測定，潤滑油中機械雜質增加到0.15%時
，發動機第一道活塞環的磨損程度將比正常值大2.5倍

；滾動軸承進入雜質微粒時，其壽命將降低80%到90%。因此
，對於工作在環境惡劣
、條件複雜場所的工程機械來說
，一要使用優質

、配套的零部件及潤滑油、潤滑脂
，堵住有害雜質的源頭
；eryaozuohaogongzuoxianchangdejixiefanghugongzuo，baozhengxiangyingjigounengzhengchanggongzuo，fangzhigezhongzazhijinrujixieneibu。duichuxianguzhangdejixie
，jinliangdaozhengguidexiulichangsuojinxingxiuli。xianchangxiulishi，yeyaozuohaofanghucuoshi，fangzhixianchangxiulishigenghuandelingbujianzaijinrujixieqianshoudaohuichendengzazhidewuran。

2、減少各種腐蝕作用

金屬表biao麵mian與yu周zhou圍wei介jie質zhi發fa生sheng化hua學xue或huo電dian化hua學xue反fan應ying而er遭zao受shou破po壞huai的de現xian象xiang稱cheng腐fu蝕shi。這zhe種zhong腐fu蝕shi作zuo用yong不bu但dan會hui影ying響xiang機ji械xie外wai表biao設she備bei的de正zheng常chang工gong作zuo，而er且qie會hui腐fu蝕shi到dao機ji械xie內nei部bu的de零ling部bu件jian。如ru雨yu水shui在zai
、空氣中的化學物質等通過機械零部件的對外通道
、縫(feng)隙(xi)等(deng)進(jin)入(ru)機(ji)械(xie)內(nei)部(bu)
，腐(fu)蝕(shi)機(ji)械(xie)零(ling)部(bu)件(jian)內(nei)部(bu)，加(jia)速(su)機(ji)械(xie)磨(mo)損(sun)
，增(zeng)加(jia)機(ji)械(xie)故(gu)障(zhang)。由(you)於(yu)這(zhe)種(zhong)腐(fu)蝕(shi)作(zuo)用(yong)有(you)時(shi)是(shi)看(kan)不(bu)見(jian)。摸(mo)不(bu)著(zhe)的(de)，容(rong)易(yi)被(bei)人(ren)忽(hu)視(shi)，因(yin)而(er)其(qi)危(wei)害(hai)性(xing)更(geng)大(da)。在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)中(zhong)，管(guan)理(li)和(he)操(cao)作(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)要(yao)根(gen)據(ju)當(dang)時(shi)當(dang)地(di)天(tian)氣(qi)情(qing)況(kuang)、空氣汙染情況，采取有效的措施，減少有效的措施
，減少化學腐蝕對機械的影響
，重點是防止雨水及空氣中化學成分對機械的侵入。

3、減少溫度的影響

在工作中，各個零部件的溫度都有各自的正常範圍。如一般冷卻水的溫度為80~90℃，液壓傳動係統液壓油的溫度為30~60℃
，低於或超過此範圍就會加速零件的磨損，引起潤滑油變質
，造成材料性能變化等等。試驗表明，各種工程機械的主傳動齒輪和軸承在-5℃的潤滑油中運轉比在3℃的潤滑油中運轉，磨損要增大10~12倍。但當溫度過高時
，又會加速潤滑油的變質，如機油溫度查過55~60℃時，油溫每升高5℃
，機(ji)油(you)的(de)氧(yang)化(hua)速(su)度(du)將(jiang)提(ti)高(gao)一(yi)倍(bei)。為(wei)此(ci)，工(gong)程(cheng)機(ji)械(xie)在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)，一(yi)要(yao)防(fang)止(zhi)低(di)溫(wen)下(xia)進(jin)行(xing)超(chao)負(fu)荷(he)運(yun)轉(zhuan)，保(bao)證(zheng)低(di)速(su)預(yu)溫(wen)階(jie)段(duan)的(de)正(zheng)常(chang)運(yun)行(xing)
，使(shi)機(ji)械(xie)達(da)到(dao)規(gui)定(ding)溫(wen)度(du)後(hou)再(zai)進(jin)行(xing)行(xing)駛(shi)或(huo)工(gong)作(zuo)，不(bu)要(yao)因(yin)為(wei)當(dang)時(shi)不(bu)出(chu)現(xian)問(wen)題(ti)而(er)忽(hu)視(shi)其(qi)重(zhong)要(yao)做(zuo)；二er要yao防fang止zhi機ji械xie在zai高gao溫wen下xia運yun轉zhuan，機ji械xie運yun行xing過guo程cheng中zhong要yao經jing常chang檢jian查zha各ge種zhong溫wen度du表biao上shang的de數shu值zhi
，發fa現xian問wen題ti立li即ji停ting機ji檢jian查zha，發fa現xian故gu障zhang即ji使shi排pai除chu。對dui於yu一yi時shi找zhao不bu到dao原yuan因yin的de，絕jue不bu能neng不bu經jing處chu理li而er仍reng使shi機ji械xie帶dai病bing工gong作zuo。在zai平ping時shi的de工gong作zuo中zhong
，要yao注zhu意yi檢jian查zha冷leng卻que係xi統tong的de工gong作zuo狀zhuang況kuang。對dui水shui冷leng式shi機ji械xie，每mei日ri工gong作zuo前qian必bi須xu檢jian查zha，加jia添tian冷leng卻que水shui；對風冷式機械，也要定期清理風冷係統上的灰塵，保證散熱風道暢通。

二、保證對機械的合理潤滑

零件工作麵的磨損、零件表麵的腐蝕和材料的老化是正常使用條件下的機械零部件的3zhongzhuyaoshixiaoxingshi，erlingjiangongzuomiandemosunsuoyinqideshixiaosuozhandebilizuida。yejiushishuo，jixiedemosunshishiqigezhonglingbujianzouxiangjixianjishuzhuangtaidezhuyaoyuanyinzhiyi。name
，jiejuejixielingbujiandemosunwenti
，chulecaiyongyouliangdecailiao、選擇先進的製造工藝、shejihelidejixiejiegouwai，zaishiyongguochengzhongyaozuodeyixiangzhongyaogongzuojiushibaozhengduijixiedehelirunhua。jutongji
，gongchengjixiedeguzhangyouyibanyishangshiyourunhuabuliangyinqide。youyugongchengjixiegelingbujianpeihedejingmixing，lianghaoderunhuakeyishiqibaochizhengchangdegongzuojianxiheheshidegongzuowendu，congerjiangdilingjiandemosunchengdu，jianshaojixieguzhang。zhengchangheliderunhuashijianshaojixieguzhangdeyouxiaocuoshizhiyi。weici，yishiyaohelixuanyongrunhuaji，yaogenjujixiedezhongleiheyingyongjiegoudebutongxuanyongzhengchangderunhuajileibie
，genjujixiedeyaoqiuxuanyongheshidezhiliangdengji，genjujixiedeyaoqiuxuanyongheshidezhiliangdengji
，genjujixiedegongzuohuanjinghebutongdejijiexuanyongheshiderunhuajipinpai。shiyongzhong，jibukeshiyongdidengjiderunhuaji
，yebunengyongqitazhongleiderunhuajidaiti
，gengbukeshiyongliezhichanpin。ershiyaojingchangjianzharunhuajideshulianghezhiliang。shuliangbuzuyaojishibuchong，zhiliangbujiayaojishigenghuan。yingjitiaojianxiashiyongbutongzhongleijipaihaorunhuajidaiyongzhe，shihouyidingduirunhuaxitongjinxingqingxibingjishidigenghuanzhengchangderunhuaji。

四

、保證正常的工作載荷

工程機械工(gong)作(zuo)載(zai)荷(he)的(de)大(da)小(xiao)和(he)性(xing)質(zhi)對(dui)機(ji)械(xie)的(de)損(sun)耗(hao)過(guo)程(cheng)有(you)著(zhe)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)影(ying)響(xiang)。一(yi)般(ban)來(lai)說(shuo)
，零(ling)件(jian)的(de)磨(mo)損(sun)隨(sui)負(fu)荷(he)的(de)增(zeng)加(jia)而(er)成(cheng)比(bi)例(li)地(di)增(zeng)加(jia)。當(dang)零(ling)件(jian)承(cheng)受(shou)的(de)載(zai)荷(he)高(gao)於(yu)平(ping)均(jun)設(she)計(ji)載(zai)荷(he)時(shi)，其(qi)磨(mo)損(sun)將(jiang)會(hui)加(jia)劇(ju)。另(ling)外(wai)
，在(zai)其(qi)他(ta)條(tiao)件(jian)相(xiang)同(tong)時(shi)，穩(wen)定(ding)的(de)載(zai)荷(he)比(bi)動(dong)載(zai)荷(he)下(xia)磨(mo)損(sun)要(yao)小(xiao)
，故(gu)障(zhang)少(shao)，壽(shou)命(ming)低(di)。試(shi)驗(yan)表(biao)明(ming)
，發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)在(zai)不(bu)穩(wen)定(ding)載(zai)荷(he)下(xia)工(gong)作(zuo)與(yu)穩(wen)定(ding)載(zai)荷(he)下(xia)工(gong)作(zuo)比(bi)較(jiao)

，其(qi)氣(qi)缸(gang)的(de)磨(mo)損(sun)將(jiang)增(zeng)大(da)2倍。在正常負荷下工作的發動機，其故障發生率較低
，且壽命延長。相反，超負荷運轉的發動機，故(gu)障(zhang)發(fa)生(sheng)率(lv)明(ming)顯(xian)增(zeng)多(duo)
，壽(shou)命(ming)也(ye)會(hui)比(bi)設(she)計(ji)指(zhi)標(biao)減(jian)少(shao)。經(jing)常(chang)處(chu)於(yu)大(da)範(fan)圍(wei)負(fu)荷(he)變(bian)動(dong)的(de)機(ji)械(xie)磨(mo)損(sun)量(liang)大(da)於(yu)連(lian)續(xu)穩(wen)定(ding)工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)機(ji)械(xie)。一(yi)般(ban)情(qing)況(kuang)下(xia)，發(fa)電(dian)機(ji)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)發(fa)動(dong)機(ji)要(yao)比(bi)推(tui)土(tu)機(ji)、挖wa掘jue機ji等deng使shi用yong的de發fa動dong機ji壽shou命ming要yao長chang。保bao證zheng正zheng常chang的de工gong作zuo載zai荷he主zhu要yao取qu決jue於yu操cao作zuo手shou對dui工gong程cheng機ji械xie的de使shi用yong。一yi要yao注zhu意yi不bu能neng在zai超chao過guo機ji械xie多duo能neng承cheng受shou的de最zui大da負fu荷he下xia進jin行xing工gong作zuo
，要yao在zai力li所suo能neng及ji的de情qing況kuang下xia使shi用yong機ji械xie。作zuo為wei工gong程cheng機ji械xie管guan理li人ren員yuan
，在zai指zhi定ding操cao作zuo人ren員yuan時shi
，要yao把ba工gong程cheng機ji械xie隨sui機ji資zi料liao及ji操cao作zuo手shou冊ce等deng交jiao給gei操cao作zuo手shou，使shi其qi能neng正zheng確que掌zhang握wo機ji械xie性xing能neng及ji操cao作zuo流liu程cheng，而er不bu應ying隨sui意yi把ba有you關guan資zi料liao扣kou下xia來lai。二er要yao盡jin量liang保bao證zheng機ji械xie負fu荷he的de均jun勻yun加jia減jian，使shi機ji械xie處chu於yu較jiao為wei平ping緩huan的de負fu荷he變bian動dong，具ju體ti地di說shuo
，就jiu是shi要yao較jiao為wei均jun勻yun地di加jia減jian油you門men，防fang止zhi發fa動dong機ji
、工作裝置動作的大起大落。

五、適時維修

jixiezaishiyongguochengzhongbiranhuichuxiangezhonggeyangdegongzuo。zaizhexieguzhangzhong，youxieguzhangduijixieshebeideyingxiangkenengshihenweixiaode
，youxieshibijiaoyanzhongde，shenzhihuizaochengjihuirenwangdedashigu。jingyanbiaoming，yanzhongjixieguzhangwangwangshiyouyixiejiaoxiaodeguzhangyinfade。jiuqiyuanyin，jiuzaiyuhushileduixiaoguzhangdejishichuli。yinci
，duiyujixieguzhang，wulundaxiaodouyingjishidijinxingpaichu，zheyangcainengbaochijixiedezhengchangxingneng
，jianshaoyinfagengdaguzhangdekenengxing。congmouzhongyiyishanglaishuo，duichuxiandeguzhangjishijinxingchuli
，jiushijianshaohefangzhiguzhangdeyizhongyouxiaocuoshi。suoweishishijinxingchuliyishiyaoanzhaoweixiubaoyangguicheng，duijixiejinxingdingqidebaoyanghexiuli，gezhongdengzudebaoyangyuxiulibixuanyaoqiujinxing。xianyoudegezhongbaoyangyuxiuliguigeshiduonianshijianjingyandezongjie，shiyouqikexuexingyuhelixingde
，zaimeiyouzhongdadejishujinbuyugexindeqingkuangxia，zhexieguichengduigongchengjixieweixiuyubaoyangdezhidaoshijueduixingde，bixuzunzhaozhixing。ershizaishiyongguochengzhongyaojiaqiangduigongchengjixiededingqiyubudingqijianzha，jishilejiejixiedeyunxingqingkuang，duilinshichuxiandeguzhang，yaojishijinxingchuli
，buyaoyinweiguzhangxiao
、不影響使用而延誤維修時機，釀成更大故障。

六
、采取正確的技術措施和組織管理措施

隨著材料科學及設計製造技術的發展，工程機械上采用了許多新技術、新材料、新結構，要求機械的技術保障與管理工作更科學、更完善。為此作為工程機械的組織管理人員及操作人員，一要注意保證機械在運輸及保管過程中防止機械的損傷
、變形、腐fu蝕shi等deng。二er要yao嚴yan格ge執zhi行xing機ji械xie的de日ri常chang維wei護hu工gong作zuo，使shi機ji械xie處chu於yu良liang好hao的de技ji術shu狀zhuang態tai。三san是shi要yao教jiao育yu操cao作zuo人ren員yuan正zheng確que地di使shi用yong和he操cao作zuo各ge種zhong工gong程cheng機ji械xie
，減jian少shao和he防fang止zhi人ren為wei失shi誤wu引yin起qi的de機ji械xie故gu障zhang。四si要yao精jing心xin保bao養yang機ji械xie

，要yao做zuo到dao正zheng確que合he理li地di進jin行xing定ding期qi與yu不bu定ding期qi的de保bao養yang，保bao持chi機ji械xie的de清qing潔jie與yu幹gan淨jing

，定ding期qi檢jian查zha機ji械xie的de技ji術shu狀zhuang態tai，發fa現xian異yi常chang及ji時shi處chu理li，對dui於yu鬆song動dong和he失shi調tiao的de零ling部bu件jian及ji時shi緊jin固gu和he調tiao整zheng
，對dui一yi些xie易yi損sun件jian進jin行xing預yu防fang性xing的de更geng換huan等deng。

越來越多的人已經意識到預防工程機械故障的重要性

，中國有句古話，“未雨綢繆
，防患於未然”，隻zhi有you保bao證zheng了le工gong程cheng機ji械xie的de正zheng常chang使shi用yong，工gong程cheng項xiang目mu才cai能neng按an計ji劃hua順shun利li地di進jin行xing下xia去qu，也ye隻zhi有you這zhe樣yang，工gong程cheng機ji械xie的de使shi用yong，才cai會hui使shi工gong作zuo人ren員yuan有you如ru虎hu添tian翼yi的de感gan覺jiao。