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1 雷電的產生
leidianshiziranjiezhongyizhongchangjiandefangdianxianxiang。guanyuleidiandechanshengyouduozhongjieshililun，tongchangwomenrenweiyouyudaqizhongrekongqishangsheng，yugaokonglengkongqichanshengmoca，congerxingchengledaiyouzhengfudianhedexiaoshuidi。dangzhengfudianheleijidadaoyidingdedianhezhishi，huizaidaiyoubutongjixingdeyuntuanzhijianyijiyuntuanduidizhijianxingchengqiangdadedianchang，congerchanshengyuntuanduiyuntuanheyuntuanduididefangdianguocheng，zhejiushitongchangsuoshuodeshandianhexianglei。jutilaishuo，bingjingdemoca、雨滴的破碎、水滴的凍結、yuntidepengzhuangdengjunkeshiyunliziqidian。yibanyundedingbudaizhengdian，dibudaifudian，liangzhongjixingbutongdedianhehuishiyundeneibuhuoyunyudizhijianxingchengqiangdianchang，shunjianjuliefangdianbaofachuqiangdadedianhuohua，yejiushiwomenkandaodeshandian。zaishandiantongdaozhong，dianliujiqiang，wendukezhoushengzhi2萬攝氏度，氣壓突增，空氣劇烈膨脹，人們便會聽到爆炸似的聲波振蕩，這就是雷聲。
2 雷電危害的種類
雷擊的危害主要有三方麵：第(di)一(yi)是(shi)直(zhi)擊(ji)雷(lei)。是(shi)指(zhi)雷(lei)雲(yun)對(dui)大(da)地(di)某(mou)點(dian)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)強(qiang)烈(lie)放(fang)電(dian)。它(ta)可(ke)以(yi)直(zhi)接(jie)擊(ji)中(zhong)設(she)備(bei)，雷(lei)電(dian)擊(ji)中(zhong)架(jia)空(kong)線(xian)，如(ru)電(dian)力(li)線(xian)，電(dian)話(hua)線(xian)等(deng)。雷(lei)電(dian)流(liu)便(bian)沿(yan)著(zhe)導(dao)線(xian)進(jin)入(ru)設(she)備(bei)，從(cong)而(er)造(zao)成(cheng)損(sun)壞(huai)。第(di)二(er)是(shi)感(gan)應(ying)雷(lei)。它(ta)可(ke)以(yi)分(fen)為(wei)靜(jing)電(dian)感(gan)應(ying)及(ji)電(dian)磁(ci)感(gan)應(ying)。當(dang)帶(dai)電(dian)雷(lei)雲(yun)（一般帶負電）出現在導線上空時，由於靜電感應作用,導線上束縛了大量的相反電荷。一旦雷雲對某目標放電,雷雲上的負電荷便瞬間消失,此時導線上的大量正電荷依然存在,並以雷電波的形式沿著導線經設備入地，引起設備損壞。當雷電流沿著導體流入大地時,由於頻率高,強qiang度du大da，在zai導dao體ti的de附fu近jin便bian產chan生sheng很hen強qiang的de交jiao變bian電dian磁ci場chang，如ru果guo設she備bei在zai這zhe個ge場chang中zhong，便bian會hui感gan應ying出chu很hen高gao的de電dian壓ya，以yi致zhi損sun壞huai。對dui於yu靈ling敏min的de電dian子zi設she備bei，尤you需xu注zhu意yi。第di三san是shi地di電dian位wei提ti高gao。當dang10kA的雷電流通過下導體入地時，我們假設接地電阻為10Ω,根據歐姆定律,我們可知在入地點A處電壓為100kV。因A點與B、C、D點相連，所以這幾點電壓都為100kV。而E點接地，其電壓值為0，設備的D點與E點間有100kV的電壓差，足以將設備損壞。據有關統計表明：直擊雷的損壞僅占15%，感應雷與地電位提高的損壞占85%。目(mu)前(qian)，直(zhi)擊(ji)雷(lei)造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)災(zai)害(hai)已(yi)明(ming)顯(xian)減(jian)少(shao)，而(er)隨(sui)著(zhe)城(cheng)市(shi)經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，感(gan)應(ying)雷(lei)和(he)雷(lei)電(dian)波(bo)侵(qin)入(ru)造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)危(wei)害(hai)卻(que)大(da)大(da)增(zeng)加(jia)。一(yi)般(ban)建(jian)築(zhu)物(wu)上(shang)的(de)避(bi)雷(lei)針(zhen)隻(zhi)能(neng)預(yu)防(fang)直(zhi)擊(ji)雷(lei)，而(er)強(qiang)大(da)的(de)電(dian)磁(ci)場(chang)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)感(gan)應(ying)雷(lei)和(he)脈(mai)衝(chong)電(dian)壓(ya)卻(que)能(neng)潛(qian)入(ru)室(shi)內(nei)危(wei)及(ji)電(dian)視(shi)、電話及聯網微機等弱電設備。
3 防雷的方法和技術
在zai科ke學xue技ji術shu日ri益yi發fa展zhan的de今jin天tian，雖sui然ran人ren類lei不bu可ke能neng完wan全quan控kong製zhi暴bao烈lie的de雷lei電dian，但dan是shi經jing過guo長chang期qi的de摸mo索suo與yu實shi踐jian，已yi積ji累lei起qi很hen多duo有you關guan防fang雷lei的de知zhi識shi和he經jing驗yan，形xing成cheng一yi係xi列lie對dui防fang雷lei行xing之zhi有you效xiao的de方fang法fa和he技ji術shu。
（1）接閃 接(jie)閃(shan)就(jiu)是(shi)讓(rang)在(zai)一(yi)定(ding)範(fan)圍(wei)內(nei)出(chu)現(xian)的(de)閃(shan)電(dian)能(neng)量(liang)按(an)照(zhao)人(ren)們(men)設(she)計(ji)的(de)通(tong)道(dao)泄(xie)放(fang)到(dao)大(da)地(di)中(zhong)去(qu)。把(ba)一(yi)定(ding)保(bao)護(hu)範(fan)圍(wei)的(de)閃(shan)電(dian)放(fang)電(dian)捕(bu)獲(huo)到(dao)，納(na)入(ru)預(yu)先(xian)設(she)計(ji)的(de)對(dui)地(di)泄(xie)放(fang)的(de)合(he)理(li)途(tu)徑(jing)之(zhi)中(zhong)。避(bi)雷(lei)針(zhen)是(shi)一(yi)種(zhong)主(zhu)動(dong)式(shi)接(jie)閃(shan)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)，其(qi)功(gong)能(neng)就(jiu)是(shi)把(ba)閃(shan)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)引(yin)導(dao)入(ru)大(da)地(di)。避(bi)雷(lei)線(xian)和(he)避(bi)雷(lei)帶(dai)是(shi)在(zai)避(bi)雷(lei)針(zhen)基(ji)礎(chu)上(shang)發(fa)展(zhan)起(qi)來(lai)的(de)。采(cai)用(yong)避(bi)雷(lei)針(zhen)是(shi)最(zui)首(shou)要(yao)、最基本的防雷措施。
（2）接地 接地就是讓已經納入防雷係統的閃電能量泄放入大地，良好的接地才能有效地降低引下線上的電壓,避bi免mian發fa生sheng反fan擊ji。過guo去qu有you些xie規gui範fan要yao求qiu電dian子zi設she備bei單dan獨du接jie地di，目mu的de是shi防fang止zhi電dian網wang中zhong雜za散san電dian流liu或huo暫zan態tai電dian流liu幹gan擾rao設she備bei的de正zheng常chang工gong作zuo。接jie地di是shi防fang雷lei係xi統tong中zhong最zui基ji礎chu的de環huan節jie。接jie地di不bu好hao，所suo有you防fang雷lei措cuo施shi的de防fang雷lei效xiao果guo都dou不bu能neng發fa揮hui出chu來lai。防fang雷lei接jie地di是shi防fang雷lei設she施shi安an裝zhuang驗yan收shou規gui範fan中zhong最zui基ji本ben的de安an全quan要yao求qiu。
（3）均壓連接 接(jie)閃(shan)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)在(zai)捕(bu)獲(huo)雷(lei)電(dian)時(shi)，引(yin)下(xia)線(xian)立(li)即(ji)升(sheng)至(zhi)高(gao)電(dian)位(wei)，會(hui)對(dui)防(fang)雷(lei)係(xi)統(tong)周(zhou)圍(wei)的(de)尚(shang)處(chu)於(yu)地(di)電(dian)位(wei)的(de)導(dao)體(ti)產(chan)生(sheng)旁(pang)側(ce)閃(shan)絡(luo)，並(bing)使(shi)其(qi)電(dian)位(wei)升(sheng)高(gao)，進(jin)而(er)對(dui)人(ren)員(yuan)和(he)設(she)備(bei)構(gou)成(cheng)危(wei)害(hai)。為(wei)了(le)減(jian)少(shao)這(zhe)種(zhong)閃(shan)絡(luo)危(wei)險(xian)，最(zui)簡(jian)單(dan)的(de)辦(ban)法(fa)是(shi)采(cai)用(yong)均(jun)壓(ya)環(huan)，將(jiang)處(chu)於(yu)地(di)電(dian)位(wei)的(de)導(dao)體(ti)等(deng)電(dian)位(wei)連(lian)接(jie)起(qi)來(lai)，一(yi)直(zhi)到(dao)接(jie)地(di)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。金(jin)屬(shu)設(she)施(shi)、電(dian)氣(qi)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)和(he)電(dian)子(zi)設(she)備(bei)，如(ru)果(guo)其(qi)與(yu)防(fang)雷(lei)係(xi)統(tong)的(de)導(dao)體(ti)，特(te)別(bie)是(shi)接(jie)閃(shan)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)距(ju)離(li)達(da)不(bu)到(dao)規(gui)定(ding)的(de)安(an)全(quan)要(yao)求(qiu)時(shi)，則(ze)應(ying)該(gai)用(yong)較(jiao)粗(cu)的(de)導(dao)線(xian)把(ba)它(ta)們(men)與(yu)防(fang)雷(lei)係(xi)統(tong)進(jin)行(xing)等(deng)電(dian)位(wei)連(lian)接(jie)。這(zhe)樣(yang)在(zai)閃(shan)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)通(tong)過(guo)時(shi)，所(suo)有(you)設(she)施(shi)立(li)即(ji)形(xing)成(cheng)一(yi)個(ge)“等電位島”，保(bao)證(zheng)導(dao)電(dian)部(bu)件(jian)之(zhi)間(jian)不(bu)產(chan)生(sheng)有(you)害(hai)的(de)電(dian)位(wei)差(cha)，不(bu)發(fa)生(sheng)旁(pang)側(ce)閃(shan)絡(luo)放(fang)電(dian)。完(wan)善(shan)的(de)等(deng)電(dian)位(wei)連(lian)接(jie)還(hai)可(ke)以(yi)防(fang)止(zhi)閃(shan)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)入(ru)地(di)造(zao)成(cheng)的(de)地(di)電(dian)位(wei)升(sheng)高(gao)所(suo)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)反(fan)擊(ji)。
（4）分流 分(fen)流(liu)就(jiu)是(shi)在(zai)一(yi)切(qie)從(cong)室(shi)外(wai)來(lai)的(de)導(dao)線(xian)與(yu)接(jie)地(di)線(xian)之(zhi)間(jian)並(bing)聯(lian)一(yi)種(zhong)適(shi)當(dang)的(de)避(bi)雷(lei)器(qi)。當(dang)直(zhi)接(jie)雷(lei)或(huo)感(gan)應(ying)雷(lei)在(zai)線(xian)路(lu)上(shang)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)過(guo)電(dian)壓(ya)波(bo)沿(yan)著(zhe)這(zhe)些(xie)導(dao)線(xian)進(jin)入(ru)室(shi)內(nei)或(huo)設(she)備(bei)時(shi)，避(bi)雷(lei)器(qi)的(de)電(dian)阻(zu)突(tu)然(ran)降(jiang)到(dao)低(di)值(zhi)，近(jin)於(yu)短(duan)路(lu)狀(zhuang)態(tai)，將(jiang)閃(shan)電(dian)電(dian)流(liu)分(fen)流(liu)入(ru)地(di)。分(fen)流(liu)是(shi)現(xian)代(dai)防(fang)雷(lei)技(ji)術(shu)中(zhong)迅(xun)猛(meng)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)重(zhong)點(dian)，是(shi)防(fang)護(hu)各(ge)種(zhong)電(dian)氣(qi)電(dian)子(zi)設(she)備(bei)的(de)關(guan)鍵(jian)措(cuo)施(shi)。由(you)於(yu)雷(lei)電(dian)流(liu)在(zai)分(fen)流(liu)之(zhi)後(hou)，仍(reng)會(hui)有(you)少(shao)部(bu)分(fen)沿(yan)導(dao)線(xian)進(jin)入(ru)設(she)備(bei)，這(zhe)對(dui)於(yu)不(bu)耐(nai)高(gao)壓(ya)的(de)微(wei)電(dian)子(zi)設(she)備(bei)來(lai)說(shuo)仍(reng)是(shi)很(hen)危(wei)險(xian)的(de)，所(suo)以(yi)對(dui)於(yu)這(zhe)類(lei)設(she)備(bei)在(zai)導(dao)線(xian)進(jin)入(ru)機(ji)殼(ke)前(qian)應(ying)進(jin)行(xing)多(duo)級(ji)分(fen)流(liu)。采(cai)用(yong)分(fen)流(liu)這(zhe)一(yi)防(fang)雷(lei)措(cuo)施(shi)時(shi)，應(ying)特(te)別(bie)注(zhu)意(yi)避(bi)雷(lei)器(qi)性(xing)能(neng)參(can)數(shu)的(de)選(xuan)擇(ze)，因(yin)為(wei)附(fu)加(jia)設(she)施(shi)的(de)安(an)裝(zhuang)或(huo)多(duo)或(huo)少(shao)地(di)會(hui)影(ying)響(xiang)係(xi)統(tong)的(de)性(xing)能(neng)。
（5）屏蔽 屏蔽就是用金屬網、箔、殼、guandengdaotibaxuyaobaohudeduixiangbaoweiqilai，zugeshandiandemaichongdiancichangcongkongjianruqindetongdao。pingbishifangzhileidiandiancimaichongfusheduidianzishebeiyingxiangdezuiyouxiaofangfa。
4 雷電對施工機械的危害及預防
公(gong)路(lu)施(shi)工(gong)作(zuo)業(ye)處(chu)在(zai)露(lu)天(tian)環(huan)境(jing)下(xia)進(jin)行(xing)。施(shi)工(gong)機(ji)械(xie)的(de)電(dian)氣(qi)控(kong)製(zhi)係(xi)統(tong)特(te)別(bie)是(shi)微(wei)電(dian)子(zi)控(kong)製(zhi)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)受(shou)雷(lei)電(dian)直(zhi)擊(ji)或(huo)雷(lei)電(dian)感(gan)應(ying)過(guo)電(dian)壓(ya)損(sun)害(hai)的(de)幾(ji)率(lv)很(hen)大(da)。京(jing)珠(zhu)高(gao)速(su)公(gong)路(lu)清(qing)遠(yuan)段(duan)地(di)處(chu)石(shi)灰(hui)岩(yan)山(shan)區(qu)，在(zai)雷(lei)雨(yu)季(ji)節(jie)是(shi)雷(lei)電(dian)襲(xi)擊(ji)的(de)高(gao)發(fa)地(di)區(qu)，每(mei)當(dang)天(tian)空(kong)中(zhong)烏(wu)雲(yun)密(mi)布(bu)大(da)雨(yu)來(lai)臨(lin)時(shi)，雷(lei)電(dian)往(wang)往(wang)會(hui)對(dui)施(shi)工(gong)機(ji)械(xie)進(jin)行(xing)正(zheng)麵(mian)的(de)襲(xi)擊(ji)；而er有you時shi即ji使shi在zai天tian空kong中zhong沒mei有you雨yu雲yun又you不bu下xia雨yu的de情qing況kuang下xia，感gan應ying雷lei也ye會hui時shi有you發fa生sheng，其qi產chan生sheng的de浪lang湧yong電dian壓ya入ru侵qin並bing損sun壞huai路lu麵mian攤tan鋪pu機ji的de微wei電dian控kong製zhi裝zhuang置zhi，為wei此ci，防fang雷lei工gong作zuo勢shi在zai必bi行xing。
（1）在瀝青混合料攬拌廠場安裝避雷針裝置 youyuliqinghunheliaojiaobanshebeijiqipeitaojixiejizhongzaiyigeshengchanchangchangshiyong，bijiaorongyijinxingjizhongfanglei，weici，zaibanhechangchanganzhuangbileizhen。bileizhendegaodugaoyujiaobanloudezuigaodian，dadaoyouxiaodebaohubanjing，fangzhileidianduirenheyitaizuoyejixiezhiji。bileizhenjiediyaokekao，youyushihuiyanshanqudedizhiturangbijiaoganying，turangdianzuzhiguoda，suoyijiediwangdemaisheyuguangzhudongxiandezuofabujinxiangtong。jiediwangdejiaogangzhuangdianmaishetukengyaoqiu1.0m深左右，角鋼在土坑內要露出20cm左右，在土坑內按比例填滿木炭和顆粒生鹽作為降阻介質，生鹽與木炭的重量比例為1:10，即1kg生鹽摻合10kg木炭，然後填土複蓋。這樣可以確保接地電阻值在4以yi下xia。當dang雷lei電dian襲xi擊ji時shi由you避bi雷lei針zhen及ji其qi引yin線xian經jing過guo接jie地di網wang迅xun速su將jiang強qiang大da的de雷lei電dian電dian流liu引yin入ru大da地di，防fang止zhi雷lei電dian對dui機ji電dian係xi統tong的de直zhi擊ji。此ci外wai，還hai對dui瀝li青qing混hun合he料liao攪jiao拌ban操cao作zuo控kong製zhi室shi進jin行xing屏ping蔽bi，做zuo法fa是shi將jiang操cao作zuo室shi內nei微wei電dian子zi控kong製zhi係xi統tong的de工gong作zuo接jie地di、保護接地與金屬結構的控製室外殼用導體連接在一起，再通過接地引線引入地下接地網，使它們保持相等的地電位，預防靜電及雷電。
(2)對路麵攤鋪機械電氣控製裝置裝設過電壓保護器 youyulumiantanpujixieshisuishiyidongzuoyede，bukenengjizhongbilei，erchuzailutianhuanjingxiadeyidongjixiedianqikongzhizhuangzhizuirongyishouganyingleilangyongdianyaderuqin，liruliqingliqingtanpujikongzhilumianpingzhengduhekongzhijixiedingweideyalichuanganqidengjiushenshouqihai。weilebaohuzhexiekongzhilingmindujigaodejixieweidianzikongzhizhuangzhimianzaoganyingleilangyongdianyaruqinsunhui，genjumeitaijixiekongzhizhuangzhidebutonggouzaotedian，duiqizhuangsheguodianyabaohuqi。
5 結束語
leidianzaihaiduijixiedianqikongzhizhuangzhitebieshiweidianzizhuangzhideqinhaishiyizhongchangjiandeziranzaihai，weibimianleidianduiqiqinhai，yinggenjujixiedianqikongzhishebeidebutonggouzaotedianercaiyongbutongdefangleifangfa。zhiyaohelidixuanyongfangleishebei，yingdingqiyouzhuanyefangleigongsijiancefangleisheshi，pinggufangleisheshishifoufuheguojiaguifanyaoqiu，shigongxiangmuyingshelifangfanleidianzaihaizerenren，fuzefangleianquangongzuo，jianligexiangfangleianquangongzuo，jianligexiangfangleisheshidedingqijiance，leiyuhoudejianzhaherichangdeweihu。shigongdanweizaifangleisheshideshejihejiansheshi，yinggenjudizhi、土壤、氣象、環境、被保護物的特點，雷電活動規律等因素綜合考慮，采用安全可靠、技術先進、經濟合理的設計施工。就會大大降低雷電災害帶來的損失。
